Bibliography: Books

Critical investigation: An investigation into the representation of teenagers in contemporary urban drama.

1. Nicholos, Joe (1998): Advanced Studies Media, United Kingdom; Nelson. Page 45
"David Buckingham studied how young boys made sense of what it means to be male or masculine partly from the ways they talked about television programmes and videos. He analyses the way a group of 7-8 year old boys reacted to watching Thundercats and argued that ideas of masculinity are not fixed but are constantly being negotiated and re-defined."

This shows that David Buckingham studied that young boys start to become masculine mainly from what they see on television programmes and videos. This would mean that young males are being influenced by watching what they are being shown on television and videos. This would also mean that the media is responsible for the representation of teenage males in the media as by watching these kind of genres, they would be influenced to behave like this too.

2. Casey, Bernaette, Casey, Neil, Calvert, Ben, French, Liam, Lewis, Justin: Television Studies - The Key Concepts; Routledge.

"Nelson acknowledges the importance of a move away from familiar realist drama with its roots in naturalist theatre."

This shows that Nelson assumes that there should be a move away from familiar realist drama. This could mean that Nelson wants the familiar drama to be moved away from the public so that the audience does not begin to get to "familiar" with the drama and would make the audience believe what is shown in the drama.

3. Hayward, Susan: Cinema Studies - The key concepts, London; Routledge.
"Third cinema had been useful to help place British Black cinema, what was currently needed was a re-examination of location and subjectivity." (A.Komfrah 1989)

This shows that the different locations also impact the representations because if a group of people are being shown in a negative location, it would mean that the group would be represented negatively. This would mean that location would affect the representation a lot and would relate to my critical investigation because I would be looking at representation.

4. Lacey, Nick (1998): Image and representation - key concepts in media studies, New York; Macmillan Press Ltd. Page 131.
"Richard Dyer's typography of representation:
- Re-representation - this consists essentially of media language, the conventions which are used to represent the world to the audience.
- The extent to which types are used to represent social groups, this is dealt with here in a consideration of stereotypes."

This shows that this would be to do with my critical investigation because it explains Dyer's view of representation. This would help me when looking at the representation of teenagers because I could see if this view of representation fits in with the representation of teenagers. If this would be the case then I could see why this representation has been created and how it has impacted the audience and teenagers in specific.

5. Sardar, Ziauddin, Vanloon, Barin (2000): Introducing Media Studies, Australia; Totem Books. Page 77
"Stan Cohen argued that the media labelled youth culture in a stereotypical way, thus creating 'folk devils'. These activities were reported in a way to create moral panic."

This quote shows that Cohen says that the media is responsible for the way that teenagers are being represented because of the media labelling them so negatively. This would relate to my investigation because it means that I would need to see if this quote is true and if this representation has been created because of the media being so negatively towards teenagers. This would help me to understand more about the investigation of teenagers and to see if the representation of teenagers in urban drama is because of this too.

6. O'Sullivian, Tim, Putton, Brian, Rayner, Phillip (1994): Studying the media: 2nd edition, London; Arnold. Page 81
"For television, news is a cultural artifact, it is a sequence of socially manufactured messages which carry many of the culturally dominant assumptions of our society."

This shows that television is a dominant method as it creates assumptions of our society. This would relate to movies because movies would be shown on television and by that the audience would create assumptions of our society. This would be because what they see on television, the audience would start to think that and think society is like that really for example, if teenagers are represented as violent, the audience would think tat this reality is true.

7. Carter, Cynthia, Weaver, Kay (2003): Violence and the media, USA; Open university press. Page 52.
"The lack of public concern about monster movies with the fears that circulated around 1930's gangster films which many respectable citizens believed led to increase in juvenile delinquency.

This quote shows that there was not a large concern about monster movies but when gangster movies begun in the 1930s, citizens started to believe that it led to an increase of delinquency. By this we can tell that this quote shows that people believed that because of gangster films being introduced, more teenagers started to become delinquent. This would mean that I would need to look at if because of these gangster films, teenagers have become more delinquent and fulfilling the stereotype of them in the media.

8. Mackinnon, Kenneth (2003): Representation of Men, New York; Arnold. Page 11.
"A persistent cultural belief is that there is an almost unbreakable relationship between men and violence. As Glen Lewis says 'within certain limits, aggressive male behaviour is accepted as a normal part of everyday life'".

This shows that men are being represented completely different because they can get away with violence and that should not be expected in reality or in films.This shows that I would need to look at if this is happening in urban dramas and if teenage males are really getting away with the crime that they commit. This would mean that I could understand representation and see why this behaviour of males would be seen acceptable and that they could get away with it.

9. Gifford, Clive (2006): Gangs, London; Evans. Page 9
"Gangs have existed for many centuries. The word "thug" for example comes from India around 800 years ago "thugs" meant a gang of criminals. About 400 years ago, London was terrorised by gangs such as the thectors, the dend boys and the bugles, then later the mohawks."

This shows that gangs have been always shown as a group of criminals. This would mean that when I look at my critical investigation, I would need to see if in urban dramas if males are being represented as gangs, thugs and criminals. This would show how the media are representing the teenage males and if if is as negative as it used to be.

10. Phillip, Rayner, Wall Peter, Kruger Stephen. (2002): AS Media Studies - The Essential Introduction, London, Routledge. Page 68

"The representation of groups however is not fixed for ever and it is possible to observe changes over period of time. The emergence of specific groups and subcultures is often accompanied by a challenge to existing stereotypes and a challenge to the media to produce more positive representations".

This shows the representations of different groups of people and how they are stereotyped in the media. this could also link to the representations of males as a group and how they are stereotyped.